20. Heaven Can Wait: Ritual and Religion in Confucianism

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Were Confucian ideas about Heaven, ritual, and fate driven by a religious attitude, or a naturalistic one?

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Further Reading

• E. Cline, “Religious Thought and Practice in the Analects,” in A. Olberding (ed.), Dao Companion to the Analects (Dordrecht: 2014), 259-91. 

• R. Eno, The Confucian Creation of Heaven: Philosophy and the Defense of Ritual Mastery (Albany: 1990). 

• P.J. Ivanhoe, “Heaven as a Source of Ethical Warrant in Early Confucianism,” Dao 6 (2007), 211–20. 

• T.C. Kline III and J. Tiwald (eds), Ritual and Religion in the Xunzi (Albany: 2014). 

• J. Lee, Xunzi and Early Chinese Naturalism (Albany: 2005). 

• E. Machle, Nature and Heaven in the Xunzi: A Study of the Tian Lun (Albany: 1993). 

• F. Perkins, Heaven and Earth are not Humane: The Problem of Evil in Classical Chinese Philosophy (Bloomington: 2014). 

• M.J. Puett, To Become a God: Cosmology, Sacrifice, and Self-Divinization in Early China (Cambridge MA: 2002). 

• W. Sung, “Ritual in the Xunzi: A Change of the Heart/Mind,” Sophia 51 (2012), 211-26. 

• S.H. Tan, “Does Xunzi’s Ethics of Ritual Need a Metaphysics?” Journal of Religious Philosophy 75 (2016), 109-19. 

• T. Weiming, Centrality and Commonality: an Essay on Confucian Religiousness (Albany: 1988).

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